焦爾達諾·布魯諾

焦爾達諾·布魯諾義大利語Giordano Bruno,1548年—1600年2月17日)是文藝復興時期的義大利哲學家數學家詩人宇宙學家宗教人物[1]。1593年起,布魯諾因異端罪名接受羅馬宗教法庭審問,遭指控包括否認數項天主教核心信條(如否認地獄永罰三位一體基督天主性瑪利亞童貞性聖餐變體論等)。布魯諾的泛神論思想也屬嚴重關切之點[2]。宗教法庭因為布魯諾與天主教核心信條有衝突的思想和言論判其有罪,他於1600年在羅馬鮮花廣場被處以火刑,被殘忍殺害。

布魯諾的案例被認為是歷史上一個有關自由思想與新興科學的重要事件。[3][4][5]布魯諾從19世紀至20世紀早期開始被當作自由思想和言論的象徵。[6][7]布魯諾得到許多科學家和哲學家高度評價,如愛因斯坦[8]羅素[9]等人。

後世探討在於布魯諾的異端審訊究竟在多大程度上是一種對於他天文觀點等的科學問題的回應,還是對他在其他自由思想和言論的回應;天主教是否可以因為布魯諾的思想、言論以及科學主張與天主教核心信條有衝突而判死罪而殺害等等。[10][11][12][13][14]

如今,布魯諾被廣泛視為言論自由事業的烈士。布魯諾的巨大雕像矗立在鮮花廣場。花崗岩基座上的青銅字寫著:「致布魯諾,來自他預見到這裡,柴堆燃燒的那一代人。」每年2月17日,羅馬市長都會在布魯諾腳下敬獻一個纏著紅色和金色絲帶的花圈。然而,究竟是什麼演講讓他的審判者相信只有活活燒死他才能解決布魯諾問題,人們仍然感到困惑。[6]

生平

焦爾達諾·布魯諾1548年出生於那不勒斯王國諾拉,父親是軍人喬凡尼·布魯諾(Giovanni Bruno)。9歲的時候(一說11歲),他前往那不勒斯城學習人文科學、邏輯和辯論術。布魯諾在17歲時進入大聖多明我堂隱修(一說15歲),得教名喬爾達諾。布魯諾學習亞里斯多德學派哲學托馬斯·阿奎那神學。24歲時獲任命為神父

1576年,布魯諾為逃避學術上的指控而展開流浪生涯,到過日內瓦普魯士巴黎倫敦等地。他在倫敦逗留了兩年(1583年至1585年),著有《Ash Wednesday Supper》、《論無限、宇宙和諸世界》、對話錄《論原因、本原與太一》和《The Heroic Furori》。在《論無限、宇宙和諸世界》這本書當中,布魯諾提出宇宙無限的思想,認為宇宙是統一的、物質的、無限的和永恆的,在太陽系以後還有無以數計的天體世界。

1583年,布魯諾前往英國,批判經院哲學和神學,反對亞里斯多德、托勒密地心說,宣傳哥白尼日心說。1585年去德國,宣傳其宇宙觀,同時反對宗教哲學。這引起羅馬宗教裁判所的恐懼和仇恨。1585年布魯諾重返巴黎,並到歐洲各地出版著作。他又應威尼斯貴族Giovanni Mocenigo之邀,返回義大利當其私人教師。

1592年,他因招致Mocenigo的不滿,遭到告發進而被天主教宗教法庭控以「異端邪說」罪,在威尼斯被捕入獄。在被囚禁的八年中,被鎖在離梵蒂岡不遠的聖天使城堡里, 經常受到酷刑和審訊。布魯諾始終堅持自己的思想,儘管陷入困境,布魯諾仍然忠於他所相信的真理,他向天主教會法官、耶穌會紅衣主教羅伯特·貝拉明表示,「我不應該也不會放棄信仰」。[15]最後被宗教裁判所判為「異端」,最後於1600年2月17日在羅馬鮮花廣場被燒死[16]

對布魯諾的評價

布魯諾死後,從19世紀至20世紀早期開始被當作自由思想和言論的象徵。 [6][7] [7] 許多科學家高度評價布魯諾。 愛因斯坦欽佩布魯諾,將其視為一個有遠見的人,一個為自由思想和科學而犧牲的烈士。他在他的著作《我所看到的世界》中寫道:「我更加欽佩他驚人的智力獨立,使他顯得如同一個現代人,我們都可以與之產生共鳴。……他是為人類智力的崇高尊嚴而殉道的人。」[8] 羅素欽佩布魯諾,認為他的哲學是向現代思維方法轉換的先驅,也是自由思想和人類尊嚴的烈士。[9]

布魯諾因堅定支持日心說而為普通大眾所熟悉。 儘管日心說是否是他招惹天主教迫害的主要原因存在爭議[16],但招惹天主教迫害的主要原因是的確由於布魯諾新的自由思想和科學主張與天主教信條產生衝突。 [17]

2000年在布魯諾去世400周年之際,教皇約翰·保羅二世對「一些人為維護真理而使用暴力」做出了總體道歉。[18] 天主教最終修改了的一些核心信條,現在接受哥白尼日心說進化論大爆炸理論[19][20] 然而,科學實證結果被接受得以化解這種衝突,並不是一朝一夕的事,而是經過很長一段時間、經過很多爭論和爭議之後才發生的。

提出與天主教衝突的自由思想

對於許多義大利人來說,他如同一位啟蒙思想家他的哲學、對教會權威的英勇反抗以及堅定執行力,代表了長期以來將哲學從天主教宗教的桎梏中解放出來的鬥爭,為現代哲學和自然科學鋪平了道路。(見:《斯坦福哲學百科全書》的布魯諾條目)[21]

愛因斯坦理察·道金斯等認為天主教有些核心信條涉及了本該是科學領域研討的經驗主張。這引起歷史上宗教與科學之間的衝突。 布魯諾與天主教的衝突除了日心說外,還包括否認處女生育的可能性。 按理察·道金斯在《上帝錯覺》解釋,布魯諾案涉及的核心信條之一"耶穌由童女所生",描述了一種神聖的干預暫時性中止一下人類繁殖的自然法則,這個宗教主張與科學發現的自然法則衝突。 [22][23][24][25][26][27] 這意味著宗教和科學觀點之間會有衝突:

  • 宗教認為童貞女的誕生是可能通過神聖的奇蹟實現的。
  • 科學表明,處女生育與我們對哺乳動物生殖的了解相矛盾。

如今,布魯諾被廣泛視為言論自由事業的烈士[6],以及與1610 年左右開始的伽利略事件相似的「科學的烈士」。[28] 布魯諾的《事業、原則和統一》中的人物渴望「提高思辨科學和自然事物的知識」,並實現一種「最容易和最顯著地實現人類智力的完善,並且最接近地對應於自然事物的哲學」, 自然的真理。[29]

愛因斯坦解釋了科學和宗教領域涉及的範圍,指出宗教組織按其宗教經典評判和審判本該是科學領域研討的經驗主張時,宗教與科學之間就會發生衝突。[23][24][25][26][27]宗教權威經常反對挑戰其教義或權威的科學發現, 比如,早年宗教支持的地心說的說法與哥白尼提出的日心說相衝突、伽利略達爾文等人的案例。 這是因為宗教通常基於信仰、傳統和啟示,而科學則基於經驗證據、推理和觀察。宗教信仰是否提出經驗主張並不總是很清楚,因為宗教文本和傳統通常包含經驗和非經驗元素。理察·道金斯在《上帝錯覺》認為,上帝的概念應該被視為關於宇宙的科學假設的經驗問題,並且與任何其他科學假設一樣受到相同水平的審查和分析。 從科學和理性的角度同時也是宗教哲學的角度,任何宗教信仰都需要接受檢驗,甚至你的神聖信仰也需要接受檢驗。

歷史學家們至今仍在爭論:布魯諾的異端審訊是對他的天文觀點等經驗性問題(「科學主張」)的回應,還是對他不涉及科學領域的純哲學及神學等其他思想的回應(如「神學異端」)。宗教核心信條和科學經驗性問題到底有多大程度的關聯。同時,宗教領域的核心信條(或「神學異端」)與科學領域的經驗性問題是否可以在各自的領域內獨立考察和判斷,而不相互干擾,也是一個備受爭議的問題。[22]

因思想和言論被定罪為神學異端

黑格爾在他《哲學史講演錄》中寫道:布魯諾的一生代表了「對所有僅僅依靠權威的天主教信仰的大膽拒絕」。[30]

Alfonso Ingegno指出,布魯諾的哲學「挑戰了宗教改革的發展,令人質疑整個基督教的真正價值,並聲稱基督對人類犯下一個欺騙......布魯諾認為,我們現在可以承認普遍的法則,控制著無限宇宙中萬物永恆不斷的生發。」[31]

A.M. 帕特森說,雖然我們不再有教皇官方譴責布魯諾的副本,他的異端邪說包括「無限宇宙和多重世界的學說」以及他信仰「地球的運動」。[32]

麥可·懷特指出,宗教法庭可能在布魯諾早年就已對他進行追究,因他反對亞里斯多德,對亞流派異端興致勃勃,閱讀伊拉斯謨的著作,擁有違禁手抄本。[33]懷特認為,布魯諾後來的異端罪是「多重性的」,並以他多重世界的概念去支持。 「這也許是他所有觀點中最危險的一個,如果其他世界存在智慧生物,他們是否也會有他們的『瑪利亞探親』?這種想法是相當不可思議的。」[33]

弗朗西斯·耶茨反對那種觀點,她稱其為「傳說布魯諾作為哲學思想者被控告,因他『多重世界』或『地球運動』的大膽觀點被燒。」而她寫道:「教會是……完全履行其分內之事,如果對布魯諾異端邪說的定罪中包含有哲學論點」,因為「其哲學論點與其異端邪說是如影隨形的。」[34]

布魯諾因其思想和言論而獲罪。 據《斯坦福哲學百科全書》哥白尼條目,「在1600年,天主教會對於哥白尼體系並沒有官方的立場,日心說當然不屬於異端。當[...]布魯諾[...]被視為邪教徒而燒於火刑柱時,也與他支持哥白尼宇宙學的著作無關。」[35] 與之類似,《天主教百科全書(1908年版)》稱:「布魯諾被定罪,既不是因為他對哥白尼天文體系的辯護,也不是因為他『有人定居之多重世界』的大膽言論,而是因為他在神學上的錯誤,其中包括:基督不是神,只不過是位少見的高超魔術師,聖靈是這個世界的靈魂,魔鬼將得到拯救等等。」[36] 在十九世紀的義大利,許多知識分子認為他是一個解放人類精神的人,擺脫了宗教正統觀念所帶來的窒息束縛。 綜合起來說,布魯諾被天主教會定罪為神學異端而判死刑,原因是只不過他的思想和言論。(見《斯坦福哲學百科全書》的布魯諾條目)[21]

梵蒂岡機密檔案館的網站,討論在羅馬對布魯諾法律控告的總結時,指出:「就在布魯諾被審問的同一類房間裡,基於科學信仰間關係這種同樣重要的原因,在新天文學曙光與亞里斯多德哲學的衰落中,16年後,紅衣主教羅伯·白敏,就是後來質疑布魯諾所作異端論題的,召見了伽利略·伽利雷——伽利略也遇到了一樁著名的宗教法庭審判,幸運的是,這審判只終結於一份簡短的棄絕聲明。」[37]

紀念

位於義大利羅馬鮮花廣場的焦爾達諾·布魯諾雕像

對於許多義大利人來說,他的哲學、對教會權威的英勇反抗以及堅定執行力,代表了長期以來將哲學從天主教宗教的桎梏中解放出來的鬥爭。[21]

在許多十九世紀義大利知識分子看來,他如同一位啟蒙思想家,或者更廣義地說,是一個世俗人文主義者,他的努力使人類精神擺脫了宗教正統觀念所帶來的窒息束縛,為現代哲學和自然科學鋪平了道路。1889年,面對梵蒂岡的極力反對,共濟會在羅馬鮮花廣場處修建了一座布魯諾的雕像記念他,直視羅馬教廷,就在鮮花廣場的那個地方,據信布魯諾被燒死在火刑柱上。[21][38]

布魯諾在宗教審判中堅持自己的自由思想包括科學主張而被宗教裁判所判處其死刑,使他成為當今羅馬自由思想和言論的象徵,每年在他被處決的地點附近都會舉行追悼會。[39]

軼事

恩里科·費米曾在鮮花廣場度過青少年時光,並在這裡的書攤買到了人生第一本物理學讀物。恩里克·費米在獲得諾貝爾獎後離開義大利,遠赴美國生活,並成為20世紀中期世界原子物理學的領袖之一。[40]

愛因斯坦欽佩布魯諾, 並將他的一個發現命名為布魯諾。在1917年,愛因斯坦提出了一個平衡於宇宙恆定的模型,其中包括一個神秘力量的宇宙常數,該力量與重力相抵消。後來,當他得知宇宙實際上正在膨脹,正如埃德溫·哈勃的觀測所示時,他放棄了這個模型。然而,在1998年,天文學家發現宇宙的膨脹速度正在加快,暗示著確實存在一個神秘力量將星系推開。這個力量現在被稱為暗能量,它等同於愛因斯坦的宇宙常數。愛因斯坦將他的模型稱為「布魯諾之世界」。[41]

著作

布魯諾的主要著作有《論無限宇宙和世界》,書中支持哥白尼的日心說,並明確指出:「宇宙是無限大的」,「宇宙不僅是無限的,而且是物質的」。還著有《諾亞方舟》,抨擊死抱《聖經》的學者。

參閱

參考資料

  1. ^ Bruno was a mathematician and philosopher, but is not considered an astronomer by the modern astronomical community, as there is no record of him carrying out physical observations, as was the case with Brahe, Kepler, and Galileo. Pogge, Richard W. http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/Essays/Bruno.html頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) 1999.
  2. ^ Birx, Jams H.. "Giordano Bruno頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)". The Harbinger, Mobile, AL, 11 November 1997. "Bruno was burned to death at the stake for his pantheistic stance and cosmic perspective."
  3. ^ Gatti, Hilary (2002). Giordano Bruno and Renaissance Science: Broken Lives and Organizational Power. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 18–19. Retrieved 21 March 2014. For Bruno was claiming for the philosopher a principle of free thought and inquiry which implied an entirely new concept of authority: that of the individual intellect in its serious and continuing pursuit of an autonomous inquiry… It is impossible to understand the issue involved and to evaluate justly the stand made by Bruno with his life without appreciating the question of free thought and liberty of expression. His insistence on placing this issue at the center of both his work and of his defense is why Bruno remains so much a figure of the modern world. If there is, as many have argued, an intrinsic link between science and liberty of inquiry, then Bruno was among those who guaranteed the future of the newly emerging sciences, as well as claiming in wider terms a general principle of free thought and expression.
  4. ^ Montano, Aniello (24 November 2007). Antonio Gargano, ed. Le deposizioni davanti al tribunale dell'Inquisizione. Napoli: La Città del Sole. p. 71. In Rome, Bruno was imprisoned for seven years and subjected to a difficult trial that analyzed, minutely, all his philosophical ideas. Bruno, who in Venice had been willing to recant some theses, become increasingly resolute and declared on 21 December 1599 that he 'did not wish to repent of having too little to repent, and in fact did not know what to repent.' Declared an unrepentant heretic and excommunicated, he was burned alive in the Campo dei Fiori in Rome on 17 February 1600. On the stake, along with Bruno, burned the hopes of many, including philosophers and scientists of good faith like Galileo, who thought they could reconcile religious faith and scientific research, while belonging to an ecclesiastical organization declaring itself to be the custodian of absolute truth and maintaining a cultural militancy requiring continual commitment and suspicion.
  5. ^ Birx, James (11 November 1997). "Giordano Bruno". Mobile Alabama Harbinger. Retrieved 28 April 2014. To me, Bruno is the supreme martyr for both free thought and critical inquiry… Bruno's critical writings, which pointed out the hypocrisy and bigotry within the Church, along with his tempestuous personality and undisciplined behavior, easily made him a victim of the religious and philosophical intolerance of the 16th century. Bruno was excommunicated by the Catholic, Lutheran and Calvinist Churches for his heretical beliefs. The Catholic hierarchy found him guilty of infidelity and many errors, as well as serious crimes of heresy… Bruno was burned to death at the stake for his pantheistic stance and cosmic perspective.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 The Trials of Giordano Bruno (1592-1600), quote="Today, Giordano Bruno is widely seen as a martyr to the cause of free speech." URL=https://famous-trials.com/bruno/261-home頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Arturo Labriola, Giordano Bruno: Martyrs of free thought no. 1
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 The Truth About Giordano Bruno, URL=https://www.ncregister.com/blog/the-truth-about-giordano-bruno頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosophy,. Bruno is one of those heroic figures who have fought for intellectual freedom against the tyranny of authority. His philosophy is interesting as an example of the transition from medieval to modern ways of thinking. 
  10. ^ Frances Yates, Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1964, p. 450
  11. ^ Michael J. Crowe, The Extraterrestrial Life Debate 1750–1900, Cambridge University Press, 1986, p. 10, "[Bruno's] sources... seem to have been more numerous than his followers, at least until the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century revival of interest in Bruno as a supposed 'martyr for science.' It is true that he was burned at the stake in Rome in 1600, but the church authorities guilty of this action were almost certainly more distressed at his denial of Christ's divinity and alleged diabolism than at his cosmological doctrines."
  12. ^ Adam Frank, The Constant Fire: Beyond the Science vs. Religion Debate, University of California Press, 2009, p. 24, "Though Bruno may have been a brilliant thinker whose work stands as a bridge between ancient and modern thought, his persecution cannot be seen solely in light of the war between science and religion."
  13. ^ White, Michael. The Pope and the Heretic: The True Story of Giordano Bruno, the Man who Dared to Defy the Roman Inquisition, p. 7. Perennial, New York, 2002. "This was perhaps the most dangerous notion of all... If other worlds existed with intelligent beings living there, did they too have their visitations? The idea was quite unthinkable."
  14. ^ Shackelford, Joel (2009). "Myth 7 That Giordano Bruno was the first martyr of modern science". In Numbers, Ronald L. Galileo goes to jail and other myths about science and religion. Cambridge, Mass: Havard University Press. p. 66. "Yet the fact remains that cosmological matters, notably the plurality of worlds, were an identifiable concern all along and appear in the summary document: Bruno was repeatedly questioned on these matters, and he apparently refused to recant them at the end.14 So, Bruno probably was burned alive for resolutely maintaining a series of heresies, among which his teaching of the plurality of worlds was prominent but by no means singular."
  15. ^ Biography of Giordano Bruno, Scientist and Philosopher url=https://www.thoughtco.com/giordano-bruno-3071094頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 布鲁诺再认识. [2007-03-01]. (原始內容存檔於2011-07-07). 
  17. ^ Knox, Dilwyn, "Giordano Bruno", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/entries/bruno/頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)>.
  18. ^ Robinson, B A, Apologies by Pope John Paul II, Ontario Consultants. Retrieved 27 December 2013, 7 March 2000 
  19. ^ The Pope Would Like You to Accept Evolution and the Big Bang. [2021-03-02]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-16). 
  20. ^ Religion and Science, John Habgood, Mills & Brown, 1964, pp., 11, 14-16, 48-55, 68-69, 90-91, 87
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Knox, Dilwyn, "Giordano Bruno", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL=<https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/entries/bruno/頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)>. quote= 「For many Italians, his philosophy, heroic defiance of ecclesiastical authority and execution exemplified the long struggle to free philosophy from the trammels of revealed religion.」
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 Bertrand Russell, Religion and Science. 1935 [2023-08-14]. (原始內容存檔於2023-08-10). 
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 Albert Einstein:Religion and Science. Sacred-texts.com. [2013-06-16]. (原始內容存檔於2017-07-03). 「 Religion, on the other hand, deals only with evaluations of human thought and action: it cannot justifiably speak of facts and relationships between facts. According to this interpretation the well-known conflicts between religion and science in the past must all be ascribed to a misapprehension of the situation which has been described.」「 a conflict arises when a religious community insists on the absolute truthfulness of all statements recorded in the Bible.」「this is where the struggle of the Church against the doctrines of Galileo and Darwin belongs.」「The main source of the present-day conflicts between the spheres of religion and of science lies in this concept of a personal God.」 
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 Taliaferro, Charles, "Philosophy of Religion", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 Hansson, Sven Ove, "Science and Pseudo-Science", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
  26. ^ 26.0 26.1 Steup, Matthias and Ram Neta, "Epistemology", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 Epistemological and Moral Conflict Between Religion and Science John H. Evans, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 50, No. 4, DECEMBER 2011. [2023-08-14]. (原始內容存檔於2023-08-11). 
  28. ^ "Giordano Bruno and Galileo Galilei," The Popular Science Monthly, Supplement, 1878.
  29. ^ Cause, Principle and Unity, by Giordano Bruno. Edited by R.J. Blackwell and Robert de Lucca, with an Introduction by Alfonso Ingegno. Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 63.
  30. ^ Hegel's lectures on the history of philosophy, translated by E.S. Haldane and F.H. Simson, in three volumes. Volume III, p. 119. The Humanities Press, 1974, New York.
  31. ^ Cause, Principle and Unity, by Giordano Bruno. Edited by R.J. Blackwell and Robert de Lucca, with an Introduction by Alfonso Ingegno. p.x. Cambridge University Press, 1998.
  32. ^ Paterson, p. 198.
  33. ^ 33.0 33.1 White, Michael. The Pope and the Heretic: The True Story of Giordano Bruno, the Man who Dared to Defy the Roman Inquisition, p. 7. Perennial, New York, 2002.
  34. ^ Yates, Frances, Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition, pp. 354–356. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1964.
  35. ^ Sheila Rabin, "Nicolaus Copernicus" in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (online, accessed 19 November 2005).
  36. ^ Wikisource-logo.svg Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Giordano Bruno". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  37. ^ "Summary of the trial against Giordano Bruno: Rome, 1597". Vatican Secret Archives. Archived from the original on 9 June 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
  38. ^ Eugen Lennhoff, Oskar Posner, Dieter A. Binder: Internationales Freimaurer-Lexikon. 5. überarbeitete Auflage. Herbig Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7766-2478-6
  39. ^ Rowland, Ingrid D. Giordano Bruno: Philosopher/Heretic. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 26 April 2016: 8. ISBN 978-1-4668-9584-3. 
  40. ^ 埃米里奧·賽格雷. 原子舞者:费米传. 世紀人文系列叢書. 楊建鄴,楊渭 譯. 上海世紀出版集團. 2006年4月1日: 第9頁. ISBN 9787532383917. 
  41. ^ 「the world according to Bruno」. , The World As I See It, by Albert Einstein, the chapter 「The Problem of Space, Ether, and the Field in Physics」

外部連結

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